1. Cellokonzert Nr. 1 (1985-86): I. Pesante. Moderato
2. Cellokonzert Nr. 1 (1985-86): II. Largo
3. Cellokonzert Nr. 1 (1985-86): III. Allegro vivace
4. Cellokonzert Nr. 1 (1985-86): IV. Largo
5. Klingende Buchstaben für Solocello
6. Vier Hymnen: I. für Violoncello, Harfe und Pauken
7. Vier Hymnen: II. für Violoncello und Kontrabass
8. Vier Hymnen: III. für Violoncello, Fagott, Cembalo und Röhrenglocken
9. Vier Hymnen: IV. für Cello, Kontrabass, Fagott, Harfe etc
1. Ritual für großes Symphonieorchester (1984-85)
2. (K)ein Sommernachtstraum für großes Orchester (1985)
3. Passacaglia für großes Orchester (198)
4. Faust Cantata 'Seid nüchtern und wachet' (1982-83): I. Folget nun
5. Faust Cantata: II. Die vierundzwanzig Jahre
6. Faust Cantata: III. Gehen also miteinander
7. Faust Cantata: IV. Meine Liebe
8. Faust Cantata: V. Ach, mein Herr Fauste
9. Faust Cantata: VI. Doktor Faustus klagte
10. Faust Cantata: VII. Es geschah
11. Faust Cantata: VIII. Diese gemeldete Magistri
12. Faust Cantata: IX. Also endet sich
13. Faust Cantata: X. Seid nüchtern und wachetMalmö Symphony Chorus
Malmö Symphony Orchestra
James DePreist - ConductorAMG:"
Cellokonzert Nr. 1: 'I have no sense of the fatal inevitability of evil, even in the most terrible situations. There is no such thing...'
From the sound of his music, one would never guess that Schnittke had 'no sense of the fatal inevitability of evil'; his works seem to profess a faith in disaster that would shame Beelzebub himself. And yet one gets occasional intimations that the strength required to so feverishly preach the catastrophic could only be derived from a strangely safe haven, a stance of staunch if secret optimism. Hence when Schnittke had his first major stroke in the summer of 1985, one imagines the particularly cruel toll it must have taken. Having been declared clinically dead - his heart stopped beating three times - Schnittke eventually recovered into an enormously creative 'late phase' of composition. But something had changed in the music, almost polarized. The sick fun of doom and debacle was gone, replaced on the one hand by a more tortured and unfathomable darkness, and, on the other, by an almost sublime new simplicity, cryptic and imposing.
The First Cello Concerto is an extraordinary work just on its own merits, but also happens to have been written during the summer of 1985; it was composed both before and after the stroke, and so bears the remarkable role of fulcrum in Schnittke's career. Even more so than the celebrated Viola Concerto, completed just days before the affliction, the First Cello Concerto is a touched work.
A monumental endeavor for huge orchestra, in four movements and lasting some 40 minutes, the concerto was written for Schnittke's close friend, Russian cellist Natalia Gutman; the solo part is indeed feverish, and exhausts the performer both technically and emotionally. The work in general - at least in its first three movements - largely adheres to Schnittke's concerto-archetype of 'I-against-the-World' (as scholar Richard Taruskin writes); the soloist ever-seeks to weave a sincere, plangent melos, to sing and weep its uninterrupted fill, and perpetually suffers both the mockery and raw violence of the orchestra. Thus the first movement founds its vast sonata-form around the conflict of soliloquy vs. blitzkrieg; the following Adagio resurrects the soloist into ephemeral lyrical fabric which is eventually stretched and torn; and the brief and bitter third movement casts the cello through a gauntlet of hopelessly fated march-pastiches and mock-heroics before obliterating itself altogether.
But then, in an uncharacteristic step, another movement follows, a broad and sweeping hymn which actually appears to transcend the brutal ruckus before it, for an almost celestial vision of fortitude. And here, impoverished by emergency, that site where the composer must stand in order to plunge into the quagmire of his mind is forced to speak itself. It is an optimism that is all the more wrenching for being so potently repressed elsewhere - but, in its awesome fidelity to the unlikely and the graced, it is an optimism nonetheless. Schnittke himself attests to the sense of miraculous: 'Suddenly I was given this finale from somewhere, and I've just written it down.'
Klingende Buchstaben: All of Alfred Schnittke's music thrives on violent oppositions - between the real and the false, the present and the past, the here and the hereafter. Perhaps one the composer's more novel dichotomies is that between the 'strict' and the 'free.' In itself, this tension is nothing new in music: one sees it in the act of improvising on a ground bass or the development of motives within a tonal framework. And in Schnittke's case, one perceives the deep influence of Anton von Webern's notion of 'fest und locker,' balancing abstract pre-compositional plans with the unpredictable immediacy of invention.
But Schnittke takes this opposition to rather extreme and eccentric degrees, as one can see in his brief 1988 work for solo cello, Sounding Letters. Written for the 40th birthday of the composer's close friend and biographer, cellist Alexander Ivashkin, the five-minute score takes its 'strict' aspect from Ivashkin's actual name, using Germanic letter/note equivalencies to form monogrammatic themes (for instance: A-l-E-x-A-n-D-E-r), and then making these into melodic or serial sequences. This practice - heavily exploited by Bach, Schumann, and Schnittke's much-adored Alban Berg - has became a hallmark of Schnittke's own style, as much a constructive device as a strange kind of homage to a quasi-occult tradition (Schnittke founds his Viola Concerto on dedicatee Yuri Bashmet's name, and his Fourth Violin Concerto employs no less than four names, among them fellow-composers Sofia Gubaydulina, Arvo Pärt, and Edison Denisov.)
This procedure obviously gives the composition a strict - one might even say 'indifferent' - pre-compositional plan, almost an obstacle to invention, putting into the world of music something never intended for it. But what makes Schnittke's use of this musical monogramming so odd is his apparent disinterest in 'musicalizing' this material: rather than dissolving it into a pliant musical development, Schnittke' seems to let it remain solid and slightly alienated. In the process he builds a work with sounds anything but 'strict,' and thus the other side, the 'free'-Sounding Letters unfolds like an extremely prosaic, rambling recitative. Its awkward and halting speech sounds like a vocal fumbling with words (which it is in a sense), and creates an aloof, but surely deliberate atmosphere. Hence, by the end of this strange score, one has a sense of polarities, but not necessarily a balancing between them. But this is perhaps Schnittke's best gift - to place brazen oppositions in a meticulous un-balance, to create a synthesis through mutual alienation.
Vier Hymnen: 'Nothing is harder, yet nothing is more necessary, than to speak of certain things whose existence is neither demonstrable nor probable.' - Herman Hesse, The Glass Bead Game
Alfred Schnittke's stunning irresolution is perhaps the most disquieting element of his work, especially because he seems to profess it so intensely: every work is born out of some illusion, and ultimately passes through disillusionment before entering a kind of musical death-pangs, which itself may or may not be an illusion. Still, it's one thing when Schnittke openly plays the ironist - when he writes works which explode a pretty pop-tune or squash some faux-Romantic cliché like a bug; here, we at least know what's fake and what's less fake, unreal, and just a shade less unreal.
But in works like Schnittke's Four Hymns, written in a five-year period between 1974 and 1979, we're on much thinner ice. These are, on first and possibly last encounter, sincere and serious works. Each is more or less a kind of inward religious music, a profession of faith; each moves in slow and studied pace; and each cultivates an intensely focused state, close to a musical meditation. These works are miles away from the diabolic stylistic carnival of Schnittke's Symphony No. 1, written in 1972; as riotously junky and sprawling as that work was, the first of these hymns is as Spartan and penitential. With its strange, ritualistic grouping of cello, harp, and timpani, this hymn seems the antithesis to much of Schnittke's better known, 'polystylist' works: its slow, unwavering tread says 'I am speaking,' and its employment of an actual old three-part Russian hymn ('Holy God') gives it a weathered, rooted authenticity.
And yet, nestled into the process of this 12-minute piece is a perspective which reveals cracks. The entire score is a set of six variations which gradually unveils the old hymn in its entirety only by the fifth variation; the last one seems to close the book gently and cryptically, burying the song back into the ground. This sense of gradually approaching some ancient artifact is given bizarre, rapt treatment by Schnittke: the cello plays gnarled pizzicati, the timpani grumble in funereal treads, the harp plucks out gossamer-like pedals and accents; each instrument takes on the animus of some living character, comforting us (to our surprise) with their apparently heartfelt vigil.
Still, the irreducible strangeness - one might even say estrangedness, as in homelessness - of this austere score refuses to let it partake in the naturalness, the sense of custom, which is the pillar of liturgical music. And in this sense, we leave this first hymn, perhaps purified of mind, let in from the cold noise outside for a bit, but not from the problem of illusions and their immanent faltering. For Schnittke, even something as earthy as an age-old hymn seems to be an enterprise in risky magic, and endeavor to speak of improbable, non-demonstrable things with the equivocal hope that they may someday be born from their sheer imagination.
Ritual: This work is an enormous dirge for an augmented orchestra, slightly over eight minutes in duration, and composed in memory of those who perished in World War II. The request to have it written came from the Yugoslavian Embassy in Moscow, and opinions among those who hear it may be sharply divided on the score. It features some fine effects and evocative, original orchestration. It also has trappings of political inspiration that may not suit everyone; for example, Schnittke chose to quote the Internationale as indicative of the work being a musical act of mourning. However, one can understand that a Russian composer in the early 1980s might regard this (or may have been forced to appear to regard this) approach as a moral indicator that the forces of good hover over the sadness that naturally comes with the horrors of war. For many listeners, this implication will be cloying or misleading, implying that the occupation of Soviet troops in Eastern Bloc countries was completely dissimilar to the terrors inflicted on Europe by a mad, Nazi tyrant. Nonetheless, as the new millennium wears on, these sorts of concerns will likely become less immediate. It should also be noted that the composer was from Moscow, and lived under prevailing political pressures to fashion his material in such a way that did not put his own well being in jeopardy.
In Ritual, Schnittke steers clear of the cheekier side of his polystylism, a method that imposes different musical styles upon one another. This work features a continual crescendo, beginning with almost inaudibly low brass playing, and leading to an explosion of percussion. There is something martial in the first big peak of the tutti orchestra, sounding like an attempt to imitate one of Messiaen's celestial epiphanies by military band. It is often ponderous material, but also with definite value. No other composer grafts Russian and German sounds in this way, and this (comparatively) concise score does not sound half-baked at all; as if he lives in two distinct aesthetic worlds concurrently, comparable to some of Stravinsky's compelling French/German stylizations. Though he is not an avant-garde composer, he is an imaginative one, and this score does feature a heartfelt evocation to remember those so unfortunate, even if its homage is hammy and populist. There is no doubting the composer's integrity, and his craft as an artist is excellent. Ritual may have flaws, but it is engaging and never callous. Readers should make time to give the work a listen.
(K)ein Sommernachtstraum: 'The piece should be played in a concert of Shakespeare settings, though it has no direct connection with Shakespeare. Yet it is not for that reason that it is called (K)ein Sommernachtstraum ('(Not) A Midsummer Night's Dream'). And that is all there is to say about my Mozart-Schubert related rondo'
You have to love a composer who speaks in such a tangled, self-negating way about his music, especially a piece as provocative - some might say obnoxious - as (K)ein Sommernachtstraum. Yet Schnittke often writes music as he writes words - as a series of negations which cancel each other out. Material grows out of combat and reversal, out of the scary holes between material, out of the ambiguous stuff between the lines.
This 'ambiguous stuff' in (K)ein Sommernachtstraum comes, as Schnittke said above, from Mozart and Schubert - but not quite. Schnittke adds: 'I should like to add that I did not steal all the 'antiquities' in this piece; I faked them.' This fake Viennese Classicism free-floats in the composer's works of the late 1970s and 1980s. Some works carry the fake Mozart-Schubert mark as fatal wound, like the Violin Concerto No. 4 and Concerto for Viola and Orchestra; other works, like Schnittke's famous String Trio, entirely inhabit the Mozart-Schubert complex like a squatter in a burnt out building.
In the case of (K)ein Sommernachtstraum, Schnittke had actually written its main structure out completely the year before, as a Gratulationsrondo ('Congratulatory Rondo') for violin and piano, celebrating violinist and friend Mark Lubotsky's fiftieth birthday. This little chamber work comes off almost perfectly as a sonata-rondo movement from the 1780s, complete with catchy primary and secondary themes, a development, 'ideal' modulations, and a complete recapitulation.
Yet not everything sits right: under the surface of this Rondo, Schnittke marks this work as a forgery, with parallel fifths, congested bass lines, odd major-minor shifts, and so on. And it is these signatures of the inauthentic that ferment into the Molotov cocktail of (K)ein Sommernachtstraum. With the help of a huge orchestra, Schnittke here magnifies the cracks in his classical mask; tiny fissures become gaping holes, filled with the most garish and unseemly dissonances, and the most suffocating agglomerations of themes and motives. Solid 18th-century melodies now spin into raunchy, vicious circus marches; solos come from unseen soloists; modulations occur in five keys at once. The whole affair reeks of carnival, and carnival's intent on literally turning the world upside down.
But carnivals are also loads of fun, and Schnittke manages to tread the line between horror and a good time. The atmosphere reminds one of The Sorcerer's Apprentice - not composer Paul Dukas' work, but Disney's animation of it in Fantasia, where a single broom comes alive, multiplies uncontrollably, and turns from cutesy creature into a sprawling monstrous menace.
Inevitably, things lead to disaster - you must pay for your fun - and (K)ein Sommernachtstraum climaxes on a disgusting smear of cluster chords and sleigh bells, after which the opening melody returns, bearing deep trauma. The effect of this piece (its 'what') is as clear as a stop sign, and certainly explains to some degree Schnittke's popularity. But understanding the 'why' of a piece like this isn't simple; Schnittke has confessed many times to loving the music he parodies, especially that 'Mozart-Schubert' sound. Perhaps he rails not against the music itself, but the world that uses it, a world far more harmful than Schnittke's own audacious pastiches.
Passacaglia: The composer has written about this piece as a reaction to wonderment at the nature of waves, how their shape and nature are indelible, while 'the sea never reveals its structure to us.' Originally intended for orchestra and tape, the composer was forced to contend with the limited electronic resources available in Moscow in 1979 - 1980, so no way of completing the score as Schnittke envisioned it was available. At this time, there was no opportunity to go to Western Europe to complete the work, due to political tensions. Instead of the score being compromised, it reveals the astonishing craft of the composer, who managed to capture many, if not all the intended effects, through the orchestra alone. By description alone, some listeners may jump to the conclusion that the result will resemble a Debussyian, impressionist style loosely derived from the early twentieth century composer's La Mer, but the effect is more attuned to the sound of Olivier Messiaen, though clearly Russian. Schnittke also manages to stratify the Messiaenic and Russian sounds so that they work concurrently. This is part of a technique he has referred to as polystylism, though normally this manner of writing is reserved for humorous effect. His Passacaglia is not; it is alarming and cathartic.
Schnittke is not a cutting-edge composer, but his voice is distinct. He manages to create sounds that have a heavenly quality in this piece, gradually ascending in a way that barely resembles many previous orchestral accomplishments, wherein inert sheens of strings amass into cerebral heights, creating an atmosphere that is as pensive as it is ecstatic. Expressive tension is clearly his strong suit, sometimes reminiscent of Charles Ives' explosions of national conscience, almost to unwieldy degrees. Audiences should not look forward to being comforted, but there is little to dislike about this composition. It is fluid, interesting, and possessing.
Seid Nuchtern und Wachet (Faust Cantata): This enormous work requires a large orchestra, chorus, organ, and four solo singers. It is a prequel to an opera and came about when the Vienna Singing Academy requested a work for the 1983 Vienna Festival. For the libretto, Schnittke chose the last chapter of an adaptation of the second book of Faust by Johann Spies. About 35 minutes long, the score does not reflect the more mischievous tendencies of the composer. This may be because his past experiences with Austrian audiences have been filled with controversy, even outward hostility. It is a straightforward, secular cantata, with occasional, unpredictable, and engaging escalations in tension.
The Faust Cantata is made up of ten parts without breaks in between. There are explosive strains of ideas that can leave even prepared audience members breathless. This is especially the case with part seven, 'Es geschah,' featuring the contra alto and choir. It describes the devil's murder of Faust and the accompaniment is nearly seismic, particularly in the percussion and winds. Even if the work itself frequently morphs from engaging to ponderous, parts are hair-raising, immaculately crafted moments, with the finest instincts for Russian-tinged melody. Some listeners will be enraptured by the entire piece, while others will enjoy it as a body of music with some good sections in it. They are certainly there. Listeners who are beginning to become acquainted with the catalog of Schnittke should wait until his other works have been given sufficient attention. This cantata will otherwise mislead many listeners, because he has written many pieces with a cohesive brilliance and the smiling heart of the benevolent and talented prankster. Those who believe that he can only write music of impish delight must reconcile that opinion to this earnest and often compelling score."
Ritual/(K)ein Sommernachtstraum/Passacaglia/Seid nüchtern und wachet (Faust Cantata)... or
Ritual/(K)ein Sommernachtstraum/Passacaglia/Seid nüchtern und wachet (Faust Cantata)...